Orbi R1 Smart Ring.

Optical readings are affected by movement, skin contact, ambient light, skin tone, perfusion and sensor pressure.

A device worn day and night must avoid pressure points, sharp transitions, excess width and local heat.

Battery capacity is constrained by ring size while sensing, processing and BLE remain energy intensive.

The user's body and titanium shell can detune or shield the antenna.

Sweat, water, cosmetics, impact and repeated charging must not degrade the product.

The curved stack must be assembled, calibrated, sealed and inspected repeatably.

Premium product language without turning the ring into a fragile or costly prototype-only assembly.

Stable sensor contact across finger sizes and natural daily movement without excessive tightness.

Mechanical, optical, electrical and RF requirements compete for the same millimetres of internal volume.

Health-related insights require transparent quality controls and careful separation of wellness claims from medical claims.

Grade 5 titanium provides a premium surface, high strength-to-weight ratio and a durable cosmetic finish.

A smooth zirconia inner band supports comfort, electrical isolation and repeatable sensor windows.

A flexible PCB, micro-battery, optical channels, electrode interfaces and BLE antenna follow the ring geometry.

Optical windows, electrode zones, ceramic geometry and fit pressure create the measurement interface.

Dual PPG channels and bioelectrode inputs capture optical pulse-wave and bio-potential / conductance signals.

Low-power MCU schedules sampling, manages sensors, filters events, stores data and controls operating states.

Curved micro-battery, power-management ICs, charge protection and aggressive duty-cycling support multi-day targets.

BLE transfers processed metrics, device status, configuration and firmware updates to a companion application.

A guided upright dock creates repeatable contact, protects the ring and extends usable time between USB-C charging sessions.

Titanium shell and cosmetic edge control

Flex PCB, optical sensors, power management and antenna

Curved micro-battery and charging contacts

Zirconia band, optical windows and PVD electrode surfaces

Define how electrode pairs complete the measurement path during normal wear or an intentional touch action.

High input impedance, input protection, common-mode control and low-noise amplification preserve microvolt-level signals.

Motion, dry skin, sweat and intermittent contact are identified through impedance and quality checks.

PVD thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance and cleaning compatibility are verified over repeated wear cycles.

Designed to support short-duration single-channel bio-potential capture with deliberate user contact and quality gating.

Skin-conductance sensing can support stress and arousal research when interpreted within a broader physiological model.

Input protection, leakage-current control and material biocompatibility are built into the electrical and mechanical design.

Physiological signals do not automatically create clinically valid measurements; algorithm and study evidence govern claims.

The internal cavity was divided into optical, battery, electronics, antenna and charging zones. Component height and bend radius were controlled against the ceramic inner diameter and titanium shell.

The outer titanium ring carries daily contact loads while the ceramic interface protects sensors and electronics from direct abrasion and edge impact.

Parting lines, adhesive lands, optical windows and charging contacts were arranged to minimise leak paths and support controlled dispensing and inspection.

Ring size, ceramic shrinkage, PCB placement and shell machining tolerances were combined into a closed stack-up rather than assessed independently.

Optical drivers, photodiode receivers and bio-potential analogue circuitry are partitioned to reduce digital and power noise.

Coordinates sensor timing, local processing, storage, BLE events, fault monitoring and power states.

Battery protection, regulation, fuel estimation, charging control and brownout behaviour are designed as a single subsystem.

Rigid component islands, bend zones, copper balancing and strain relief protect solder joints during forming and assembly.

Ground strategy, return paths, switching-edge control and shielding boundaries reduce interference with sensitive analogue channels.

Programming, current measurement, optical response, electrode impedance, BLE and charge tests are accessible before final closure.

High-energy optical modes run only when required by the measurement plan.

Raw data is reduced locally so BLE transfers are short and scheduled.

Sampling intensity changes with motion, contact quality and battery state.

Unused peripherals, clocks and rails are shut down between measurement events.

Overcharge, over-discharge, short-circuit, thermal and brownout conditions are defined with safe recovery behaviour.

State-of-charge is modelled against load profile, temperature, ageing and charge history rather than voltage alone.

Charge rate and high-current sensing modes are constrained to prevent perceptible skin-side heating.

Capacity retention, swelling, charge-cycle life and storage behaviour are included in supplier qualification.

Timed optical and electrode sampling

Filtering, quality scoring and feature extraction

Short encrypted data transfers and configuration

Trend visualisation, settings and updates

The polyimide antenna trace is positioned away from the highest-loss metal and tissue zones. Matching is tuned on the assembled product and on-body, not only on a bench fixture.

Advertising intervals, connection windows, packet size and retry logic are balanced against user experience and energy budget.

Authenticated pairing, encrypted transport, controlled device identifiers and secure firmware-update logic protect user data and product integrity.

The ring buffers essential data and synchronises later, preventing short phone disconnections from creating gaps in the user record.

Rounded edges, polished ceramic and controlled sensor projection reduce local pressure during sleep and daily tasks.

Ring sizing and internal geometry minimise rotation while avoiding excessive compression that can affect circulation and signal quality.

Heat-generating components are distributed and firmware limits sustained high-power operation near the skin.

Sensor zones and case docking provide natural cues for correct wearing and charging orientation.

Continuous surfaces and protected interfaces reduce residue traps and support routine cleaning.

Fit and sensing performance are evaluated across finger sizes, skin tones, activity levels and environmental conditions.

Ambient subtraction, dark-current compensation, baseline correction and digital filtering prepare optical and electrode channels.

Movement classification and signal morphology identify periods where physiological inference is unreliable.

Channel saturation, pulse consistency, contact stability, noise floor and inter-channel agreement produce a confidence score.

Factory optical/electrode calibration is combined with device-level offsets and controlled firmware coefficients.

Bench and human-subject studies compare ring outputs against controlled reference instruments under defined protocols.

Sensor configuration, algorithm version and calibration data are traceable so results can be reproduced and audited.

User needs, product claims, success metrics, size strategy and commercial constraints.

Form language, finish variants, comfort surfaces, charging experience and visual integration.

Curved packaging, material stack, tolerance analysis, sealing, assembly and size variants.

Sensor architecture, analogue front ends, flexible PCB, power management, antenna and charging interfaces.

State machine, sensor drivers, power modes, BLE, diagnostics and secure update framework.

Signal-quality pipeline, calibration architecture, reference testing and algorithm version control.

Mechanical samples, electronics builds, calibration fixtures, charging prototypes and integration support.

Test plans, risk controls, battery/RF pathways, skin-contact materials and claims discipline.

Claims, use cases, size strategy, sensing feasibility, power budget and risk register.

Product form, material stack, sensor geometry, electronics partitioning and case concept.

Flex PCB, mechanical samples, optical/electrode test fixtures and firmware bring-up.

Ring and case integration, calibration, power profiling, BLE and early wear testing.

Environmental, mechanical, battery, RF, signal-quality and usability verification.

Production files, fixtures, inspection plans, supplier qualification and pilot-build gate.

Feasibility evidence

Architecture frozen

Integrated EVT functional

DVT requirements passed

Pilot package released

CNC machining supports early volume and finish control; higher-volume processes require a separate tooling and economics review.

Zirconia forming, sintering shrinkage, grinding and polishing are controlled through size-specific process capability.

Panelisation, stiffeners, controlled bend forming and optical alignment fixtures protect yield.

Automated adhesive dispensing, bond-line inspection, cure control and leak screening create traceable closure.

Optical response, electrode impedance, power current and BLE identity are recorded against each serial number.

Charge, sensor, wireless, current, cosmetic and dimensional checks are combined into a controlled end-of-line sequence.